Page 23 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

16 From smart grid to internet of energy

transmission, distribution, and consumption levels. The ICT backbone network
is composed of DSL and fiber optic wirelines connecting control and manage-
ment systems of substations and plants. The particular control and management
of applications are performed by using WAN, LAN, NAN, FAN, BAN, HAN
and IAN type networks from bulk generation to consumption domains respec-
tively [1, 13]. The generation system of Smart Grid includes DER integration in
addition to conventional bulk generation and connects to transmission level by a
step-up transformer as illustrated in Fig. 1.6. The ICT interface of generation
and transmission level is accomplished by using WAN networks that provides
the connection between domains and supervisory management system. The
distribution and microgrid management systems are connected to distribution
level and substations over LAN, NAN, and FAN networks. The distribution
level includes microgrid and substation distribution that enables two-way power
flow. The residential, industrial, and substation loads comprise the consumption
level where communication interface to consumer side management systems
are HAN for residential loads and BAN and IAN for industrial and substation
loads. The main contribution of WAN is to install connection between substa-
tions, DERs, ESSs, feeders, transformers and other bulk equipments. The band-
width of WAN is the highest among others and enables long distance data and
control signal transmission with very low latency. NAN is essential to manage
AMI networks to transmit measured consumer data such as demand rate, con-
sumption level, and power quality while FAN is used to install a communication
environment between backhaul and distribution networks services.
Thus, data transmission between management system and distribution sub-
stations, feeder points, and services are accomplished by FAN networks.
Another AMI network throughout Smart Grid ecosystem is located at consump-
tion level where data transmissions such as smart meter, HEMS, EV and PHEV
consumption, and microgrid generation rates of customers are acquired by using
HAN networks. Table 1.3 presents a detailed list of wireline and wireless
communication technologies, standards that rely on, data rates, transmission
distances, network types that they are used, and comparisons in terms of advan-
tages and disadvantages. The wireline communication technologies include
power line communication (PLC), fiber optic, and DSL while wireless technol-
ogies are WPAN, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, GSM and satellite.
The smart metering and smart monitoring systems based on these commu-
nication technologies are presented in Chapter 2, and smart grid network archi-
tectures are particularly introduced and presented in Chapter 3. However, a
brief description of a standard on interoperability, IEC 61850, is essential to
be presented in this section. The IEC 61850 is improved as an international
standard for substation and feeder equipment automation including IEDs,
EMS, SCADA, distribution control, and information exchange between these
systems.
The first edition of IEC 61850 has been introduced in 2004 as a communi-
cation standard, and then the next one developed in 2011 has provided