Page 130 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

L1644_C03.fm Page 104 Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:11 PM

and MSWIs all over Europe and introduced the Uniform World Model (UWM) with
the Expressions (3.5) and (3.6) for:

a) primary pollutants

f ⋅ρ
D = D = CR uni ⋅ Q (3.5)
uni
k
uni
where: D = D uni =(uniform) damage [cases/a]
f CR = slope of concentration-response function
3
(dose-response or exposure-response) [cases/persons*a*µg/m ]
ρ = uniform receptor density [1.05E-04persons/m ]
2
uni
κ uni = uniform removal velocity [m/s]
Q = emission [µg/s]
b) secondary pollutants

D = D = f CR2 ⋅ρ uni ⋅ Q (3.6)
2 uni uni 1
k
,
2 uni eff
where: D 2uni = uniform damage due to secondary pollutant [cases/a]
f CR2 = slope of concentration-response function for secondary pollutant
3
(dose-response or exposure-response) [cases/persons*a*µg/m ]
k 2uni,eff = effective uniform removal velocity for secondary pollutant[m/s]
Q = emission of primary pollutant [µg/s]
1

The slope of functions states the incremental number of cases (e.g. hospitalisations
per concentration increment). Table 3.10 shows typical removal velocity values as
obtained in different IPA studies.
Even though the assumption that the removal velocity k uni is universal may not
appear very realistic, especially for near-point sources, Rabl et al. (1998) found that
the deviation is surprisingly small. The reason is that the total damage is dominated
by regional damages, which occur sufficiently far away from the source, where the
pollutant is well diluted and the difference of the model from real conditions is
negligible.
Thus, it is plausible that these results are fairly representative and that the
UWM can be a useful tool for a first estimate within an order of magnitude of
damage estimates expressed as external costs, monetized according to the guide-
lines of the European Commission (1995). Table 3.10 presents the results com-
puter with the UWM. The multipliers indicate how much the costs can change
with site (rural and urban) and stack conditions (height, temperature and exhaust
velocity).

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