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TABLE 3.10
Typical Removal Velocity Values for Different Pollutants

Primary pollutants K 2uni,eff (m/s)
NO 2 → nitrates 0.008
SO 2 → sulphates 0.019
Secondary pollutants k uni (m/s)

PM10 0.01
0.01
SO 2
CO 0.001
Heavy metals 0.01
PCDD/Fs 0.01
Source: Data taken from Rabl, A. et al., Waste Manage. Res., 16(4), 368–388. 1998.

3.8 SOPHISTICATION IN LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
Sophistication in LCIA has been an important topic for scientific discussion (Bare
et al., 1999; UNEP DTIE, 2003). Sophistication is considered to be the ability to
provide very accurate and comprehensive reports that reflect the potential impact of
the stressors to help decision-making in each particular case. In language more
consistent with recent ISO publications, the practitioners of LCA are faced with the
task of trying to determine the appropriate level of sophistication in order to provide
a sufficiently comprehensive and detailed approach to assist in environmental deci-
sion-making. Sophistication has many dimensions and, depending upon the impact
category in LCIA, may simulate the fate and exposure, effect, and temporal and
spatial dimensions of the impact. It has the ability to reflect the environmental
mechanism with scientific validity (Udo De Haes et al., 1999; Owens, 1997, Udo
de Haes, 1996; Fava et al., 1993).
Traditionally LCIA uses linear modeling, takes the effects of the substances into
account (but not their fate and background concentrations), and aggregates the
environmental consequences over

time
locations “potential impact”

chemicals

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