Page 115 - Phase-Locked Loops Design, Simulation, and Applications

in Fig. 3.16. If the triangular waveform was symmetrical (that is, T = T ), the average
1
2
frequency would remain constant and equal to ω ′. As Fig. 3.16 demonstrates, however, the
0
frequency offset Δω(t) is not constant but is given by the difference between reference
frequency ω and the instantaneous (scaled-down) VCO frequency ω ′. Consequently, Δω
2
1
(t) becomes smaller during the positive half-wave of the

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