Page 34 - Phase-Locked Loops Design, Simulation, and Applications
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than the output frequency ω ′. The u signal then generates more positive transitions per unit
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                                                    1
               of time than the signal  u ′. Looking at  Fig. 2.12, we see that the  PFD can toggle only
                                         2
               between the states 0 and 1 under this condition but will never go into the −1 state. If ω is
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               much higher than ω ′ furthermore, the PFD
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