Page 417 - Pipeline Risk Management Manual Ideas, Techniques, and Resources

392 Index
Laminations 98 Mitigations 41,57-60, 114-5, 154,202,254,298,342-4
Land movements 110-5,237,252,268,282,382 MOC (management ofchange) 269-70
Land use issues (see also Set back distances) 344 Model
Landslides 93,110-5 calculating variables 34
Leakdetection 159-162,315 choices 25
capabilities of 159-63 design checklist I1
by odorization 24 1 examples 369-73
staffing levels 272-5 facility 275-86
at stations 272-5 indexing 24,Z
techniques 159-63 matrix 23
Leak history 35 modeling 3,9-IO
Leak impact factor (see LIF) performance test 17-8, 194
Leakrate 361-2 probabilistic 23-4
Leak volume 142 qualitative 16
Level ofproof I 18 quantitative 16
LFL (lower flammability limit) 149 release 146-8
LIF (leakimpact factor) 40,44,99, 104, 133-75, risk I I, 14,22-33,39,225,264,333,350
19 1-4.382 scope and resolution 30
distribution systems 240-1 Molecularweight 151, 155, 157, 158
environmental module Monte Carlo simulation (see Sensitivity analysis)
facilities 265,271-2 MOP (maximum operating pressure) 94.1 19-20.363
formula 133 MTP (minimum test pressure) 279
offshore 255
sabotage (seealso Sabotage) 206-7
Line locating 5 1-53 National Fire Protection Association (see NFPA)
Line marking 52 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (see NOM)
Liquid release (see Release, Spill) Natural hazards(seealso Hazards) 110-1 12,250-3
Load 92,254 NDE (nondestructive evaluation; see also NDT) 285
Locating (see Line, Pipeline) NDT (nondestructive testing; see also NDE) 89,380
Lock-out devices 131 Negligible risk (see Acceptable risk)
Logic Network (see Computer)
deductive (see Deductive reasoning) NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 136,216
inductive (see Inductive reasoning) NOM (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
ladders 131 Administration) 168
Loss limiting actions I64 Nondestruclive evaluation (see NDE)
Lower flammability limit (see LFL) Nondestructive testing (see NDT)
NRA (numerical risk assessment) 23,294
Numerical nsk assessment (see NRA)
Magnetic flux (see ILI)
Magnetic methods 53
Maintenance 239-40,255 Objective riskassessment 16
facilities 271 Odorizations 241
human error 132 Offshore (see also Platform) 243-56
prioritization 343 One-call systems 44,5 I-3,227
reports 29 hitrate 45
schedule 132 reports 28
Management of change (see MOC) One-in-a-million chance 341
Manufacturing, pipe 98, 179 OPA (other populated area) 166
MAOP (maximum allowable operating pressure) 94- I 10,362,382 Operators (see alsoTraining) 22,29
Maps and records 129 Operational reliability assessment (see ORA)
Marking (see Line marking) Operations (see also Incorrect) 125.2 16
Materials 38 data 29
selection 123-4 distribution 238
stress (see Stress) facilities 269
strength 97 offshore 254
toughness 143 ORA (operational reliability assessment) 320
Matrix 25 Organic 37
Maximum allowable operating pressure (see MOP) Oscillations (see Vortex, Wave)
Maximum operating pressure (see MOP) Other populated area (see OPA)
Maximum permissible pressures (see also MOP) 94 Outage period 220
Mean 189-90 Outside force (see Third-party damage)
Measurements 190 Overpressure (blast) effects 150, 173,306,3 I1
Mechanical effects 135,231-2
Mechanicalerrorpreventers 131-2,239,271
Median 189-90 Painting (see Coatings, Atmospheric)
Metallurgy (see also Toughness, Fracture Palustrine regions 168,382
mechanics) 143 Particle trace analysis 148
Meter stations 259 Patrol 30.54-7.247,380
MIC (microbially induced corrosion) 77 PE (polyethylene pipe) 234
Microbially induced corrosion (see MIC) Performance tests, model (see Model)
Microorganisms (see MIC) Permeability 26, 157
Mill certifications (seealso Pipe strength) 99 pH, soil 77.78
Minimum test pressure (see MTP) Photolysis (see Biodegradation)