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Power Conversion and Control for Fuel Cell Systems in Transportation 305

Accessory
loads
48 V
Fuel cell CAP Power CAP 48 V
plant conditioner loads
H , O 2 Sensor
2
signals DC DC
PWM logic converter
and
Fuel cell
controller gate drive 12 V
12 V
I loads
PI control V m –
V
I F – + V ref

I ref Controller
+

FIGURE 12.9 Fuel cell–based APU powering 48 and 12 V automotive loads.

Electric motor

12V battery
Electrical power
DC/AC House
Hydrogen tank inverter
Heat
Bidirectional
DC/DC converter
Fuel cell stack
Fuel/charge
Air compressor

FIGURE 12.10 Plug-in fuel cell hybrid vehicle that can be committed to a home.

infrastructure is not stringent for the PFCVs. If hydrogen is generated using renewable energy and
lithium-ion battery is charged using the power generated from the renewable energy sources, the
PFCVs could be dominant in the automotive market. In addition to using fuel cell for propulsion
and as APUs in automobiles, there is an increasing interest in using fuel cell as an APU for onboard
power generation in airplanes and ships [25].

12.6 FUEL CELLS FOR STATIONARY POWER GENERATION

Fuel cells are also used for commercial, industrial, residential, and grid-tied (or microgrid) power
generation applications. Fuel cells have also been used as power sources in remote weather stations,
communication centers, rural locations, and military applications. The stationary fuel cell power