Page 169 - Science at the nanoscale

RPS: PSP0007 - Science-at-Nanoscale
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June 5, 2009
Chapter Eight
Nanotools and Nanofabrication
One of the fascinating aspects of nanoscience and nanotechnology
is that the nanoworld is full of surprising structures and features
that one would not have imagined. There have been a number of
significant developments that have enabled scientists to explore
the world with nanoscale objects. These developments include
the development of various types of microscopes, techniques for
nanomanipulation, and methods of nanofabrication. This chapter
is devoted to discussions of the various types of microscopes, fol-
lowed by optical tweezers and techniques of nanofabrication. The
chapter starts off with a discussion on traditional optical micro-
scope, followed by the scanning electron microscope and trans-
mission electron microscope. Next we focus on the development
and working principles of the scanning tunneling microscope
and atomic force microscope. The optical tweezer technique, a
technique commonly used for the trapping and manipulation of
micro/nanoparticles in aqueous suspension, is then introduced.
Finally, we present a method for nanofabrication by means of
focused laser beams.
8.1 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY ch08
Almost everyone has had the experience of playing with a mag-
nifying glass as a child. Long ago, people found out that the
appearance of an object viewed through a piece of transparent
crystal becomes larger if the piece of crystal is thicker in the mid-
dle. It was also discovered that objects near the end of a tube with
Science at the Nanoscale: An Introductory Textbook
by Chin Wee Shong, Sow Chorng Haur & Andrew T S Wee
Copyright c
2010 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
www.panstanford.com
978-981-4241-03-8