Page 368 - Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging for Biomedical Applications

342 Cha pte r Ele v e n

11.8 What Lies at the Horizon?
Since the inception of the second generation of CARS microscopes, the
development of CARS microscopy has been characterized by steady
technological advances. With robust laser technology and commercial
CARS microscopes that are beginning to find the market, a new era of
CARS microscopy has arrived in which the applications will be the driv-
ing force. The CARS technique has already proven to be a foremost
imaging tool for lipids in cells and tissue. The lipid imaging capability
will find many relevant applications in tissue biology, some of which are
discussed in this chapter. Biomedical applications also push the technol-
ogy toward the integration of optical fibers and fiber-based probes.
There is no doubt that such imaging extensions will become available
for CARS microscopy in the near future, solidifying the technique’s
membership to the family of reliable biomedical imaging tools.

Acknowledgments
The author likes to thank Dr. Vishnu Krishnamachari, Alex Nikolaenko,
Maxwell Zimmerley, Mercedes Lin, Hyunmin Kim, and Ryan Lim for
their help in preparing the figures.

References
1. K. S. Krishnan and C. V. Raman, “A New Type of Secondary Radiation,” Nature,
121:501–502, 1928.
2. G. Eckhardt, R. W. Hellwarth, F. J. McClung, S. E. Schwarz, and D. Weiner,
“Stimulated Raman Scattering from Organic Liquids,” Physical Review Letters,
9:455–457, 1962.
3. R. W. Hellwarth, “Analysis of Stimulated Raman Scattering of a Giant Laser
Pulse,” Applied Optics, 2:847–853, 1963.
4. R. W. Minck, R. W. Terhune, and W. G. Gado, “Laser-Stimulated Raman Effect
and Resonant Four-Photon Interactions in Gases H , D and CH ,” Applied
2 2 4
Physics Letters, 3:181–184, 1963.
5. P. D. Maker and R. W. Terhune, “Study of Optical Effects due to an Induced
Polarization Third Order in the Electric Field Strength,” Physical Review, 137:
A801–818, 1965.
6. J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, “Interactions
Between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric,” Physical Review, 127:1918–1939,
1962.
7. D. A. Kleinman, “Nonlinear Dielectric Polarization in Optical Media,” Physical
Review, 126:1977–1979, 1962.
8. M. D. Levenson, “Interference of Resonant and Nonresonant Three-Wave
Mixing in Diamond,” Physical Review B, 6:3962–3965, 1972.
9. M. D. Levenson, “Feasibility of Measuring the Nonlinear Index of Refraction
by Third-Order Frequency Mixing,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics,
QE-10:110–115, 1974.
(3)
10. J. J. Wynne, “Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy of χ in LiNBO ,” Physical Review
3
Letters, 29:650–653, 1972.
11. R. F. Begley, A. B. Harvey, and R. L. Byer, “Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman
Spectroscopy,” Applied Physics Letters, 25:387–390, 1974.