Page 381 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions - M.R. Riazi

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8. APPLICATIONS: ESTIMATION OF TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 361
35
30 June 22, 2007 14:25
Surface Tension, dyn/cm 25 Data (DIPPR)

Method 1
Method 2
20
Method 3
Method 4
Method 5
15 Method 6
Method 7
Method 8

10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Carbon Number
FIG. 8.21—Prediction of surface tension of n-alkanes from various
methods. Method 1: Eq. (8.85) and Table 8.14; Method 2: Eqs. (8.85)
and (8.86); Method 3: Eq. (8.88); Method 4: Eq. (8.90); Method 5:
Eq. (8.91); Method 6: Eq. (8.92); Method 7: Eq. (8.93); Method 8: Eq.
(8.94).

L
with respect to ρ at atmospheric pressure. To calculate IFT To estimate viscosity of pure liquids, Eq. (8.17) is recom-
of water–oil, Eq. (8.95) can be used. From Table 8.13 for mended and for a defined hydrocarbon mixture Eq. (8.18)
◦
water at 25 C, σ W = 72.8 mN/m. From Eq. (8.95), σ W−oil = can be used. For petroleum fractions when kinematic vis-
72.8 + 30.1 − 1.1(72.8 × 30.1) 1/2 = 51.4 mN/m. To calculate cosity at 100 F (37.8 C) is available, Eq. (8.19) can be used.
◦
◦
σ W−oil from Eq. (8.96), T cH is calculated from the API method When two petroleum fractions are mixed, Eq. (8.20) is use-
3
(Eq. 2.65) as 705 K and at 25 C, ρ W = 0.995 g/cm . From ful. Viscosity of liquid hydrocarbons at high pressure can
◦
Eq. (8.96), σ W−oil = 40.9 mN/m. This is about 20% less than be calculated from Eq. (8.22). For crude oil at atmospheric
the value calculated from Eq. (8.95). As mentioned before pressure Eq. (8.25) is useful; however, for reservoir fluids
large error may be observed from Eq. (8.96) for calculation of Eq. (8.12) can be used for both gases and liquids or their
IFT. mixtures.
Thermal conductivity of pure hydrocarbon gases at low
pressures should be calculated from Eq. (8.33) and for those
8.7 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS for which the coefficients are not available, Eq. (8.34) should
be used. For defined hydrocarbon gas mixtures Eq. (8.35)
In this chapter, methods and procedures presented in the pre- and for undefined petroleum vapor fractions Eq. (8.37) is
vious chapters are used for estimation of four transport prop- recommended. For vapor fractions at temperatures in which
erties: viscosity, thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficient, Eq. (8.37) is not applicable, Eq. (8.36) is recommended. For
and surface tension. In general semitheoretical methods for hydrocarbon gases at high pressures Eq. (8.39) may be used
estimation of transport properties have wider range of ap- and if not possible Eq. (8.38) can be used for both pure gases
plications than do pure empirical correlations and their de- and undefined gas mixtures.
velopment and applications are discussed in this chapter. A For pure hydrocarbon liquids at low pressures, Eq. (8.42) is
summary of recommended methods is given below. recommended and for those compounds whose thermal con-
For calculation of viscosity of pure gases at atmospheric ductivity at two reference points are not known, Eq. (8.43)
pressure, Eq. (8.3) should be used and for compounds for is recommended. For undefined liquid petroleum fractions,
which the coefficients are not available, Eq. (8.6) may be used. Eq. (8.46) and for defined liquid mixtures Eq. (8.48) can
For defined gas mixture when viscosity of components are be used. For fractions without any characterization data,
known Eq. (8.7) or (8.8) can be used. For hydrocarbon gases at Eq. (8.50) can be used for determination of approximate value
high pressure, viscosity can be calculated from Eq. (8.12) and of thermal conductivity. For fractions with only boiling point
for nonhydrocarbons Eq. (8.13) can be used. For estimation available, Eq. (8.51) should be used and for coal liquid frac-
of viscosity of natural gas at atmospheric pressure, Eq. (8.14) tions Eq. (8.52) is recommended. For liquid fractions at high
and at higher pressure Eq. (8.15) are recommended. pressures, Eq. (8.53) is recommended.
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