Page 386 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions - M.R. Riazi

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366 CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
Density at a given temperature and pressure,
ρ
3
3
in Chapter 1)
g/cm (molar density unit: cm /mol) 14:25 GC Gas condensate (a type of reservoir fluid defined
ρ M Molar density at a given temperature and pres- GOR Gas-to-oil ratio, scf/bbl
sure, mol/cm 3 HFT Hydrate formation temperature
ω Acentric factor defined by Eq. (2.10), dimen- IFT Interfacial tension
sionless LLE Liquid–liquid equilibria
ˆ μ i Chemical potential of component i in a mixture LMP Low molecular weight n-paraffins (i.e., C 3 , n-C 5 ,
defined by Eq. (6.115) n-C 7 )
δ i Solubility parameter for i defined in Eq. (6.147), LVS liquid–vapor–solid
3 1/2
3 1/2
(J/cm ) or (cal/cm ) LS Liquid–solid
γ i Activity coefficient of component i in liquid so- MeOH Methanol
lution defined by Eq. (6.112), dimensionless PR Peng–Robinson EOS (see Eq. 5.39)
Difference between heat capacity of liquid and SRK Soave–Redlich–Kwong EOS given by Eq. (5.38)
C Pi
solid for pure component i at its melting (freez- and parameters in Table 5.1
S
ing) point (= C L Pi − C ), J/mol · K SAFT Statistical associating fluid theory (see
Pi
H f Heat of fusion (or latent heat of melting) for Eq. 5.98)
i
--`,```,`,``````,`,````,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
pure component i at the freezing point and SLE Solid–liquid equilibrium
1.013 bar, J/mol scf Standard cubic foot (unit for volume of gas at
1 atm and 60 F)
◦
stb Stock tank barrel (unit for volume of liquid oil
Superscript
at 1 atm and 60 F)
◦
L Value of a property at liquid phase VABP Volume average boiling point defined by
V Value of a property at vapor phase Eq. (3.3).
S Value of a property at solid phase VLE Vapor–liquid equilibrium
VLSE Vapor–liquid–solid equilibrium
VS Vapor–solid
Subscripts
VSE Vapor–solid equilibrium
A Value of a property for component A WAT Wax appearance temperature
A Value of a property for asphaltenes WPT Wax precipitation temperature
c Value of a property at the critical point %AAD Average absolute deviation percentage defined
i, j Value of a property for component i or j in a by Eq. (2.135)
mixture %AD Absolute deviation percentage defined by
L Value of a property for liquid phase Eq. (2.134)
M Value of a property at the melting point of a wt% Weight percent
substance
pc Pseudocritical property ONE OF THE MAIN APPLICATIONS of science of thermodynamics
S Value of a property at the solid phase in the petroleum industry is for the prediction of phase behav-
S Value of a property for solvent (LMP) ior of petroleum fluids. In this chapter calculations related to
s Specific property (quantity per unit mass) vapor–liquid and solid–liquid equilibrium in petroleum flu-
T Values of property at temperature T ids are presented. Their application to calculate gas–oil ratio,
tc True critical property crude oil composition, and the amount of wax or asphaltene
tr Value of a property at the triple point precipitation in oils under certain conditions of temperature,
20 Values of property at 20 C pressure, and composition is presented. Methods of calcula-
◦
7+ Values of a property for C 7+ fraction of an oil tion of wax formation temperature, cloud point temperature
of crude oils, determination of onset of asphaltene, hydrate
formation temperature, and methods of prevention of solid
Acronyms formation are also discussed. Finally application of character-
ABSA Alkyl benzene sulfonic acid ization techniques, methods of prediction of transport prop-
API-TDB American Petroleum Institute—Technical Data erties, equations of state, and phase equilibrium calculations
Book (see Ref. [12]) are demonstrated in modeling and evaluation of gas injection
BIP Binary interaction parameter projects.
bbl Barrel, unit of volume of liquid as given in Sec-
tion 1.7.11
CPT Cloud-point temperature 9.1 TYPES OF PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
CALCULATIONS
cp Centipoise, unit of viscosity, (1 cp = 0.01 p =
0.01 g · cm · s = 1 mPa · s = 10 −3 kg/m · s)
cSt Centistoke, unit of kinematic viscosity, (1 cSt = Three types of phase equilibrium, namely, vapor–liquid
2
0.01 St = 0.01 cm /s) (VLE), solid–liquid (SLE), and liquid–liquid (LLE), are of
EOR Enhanced oil recovery particular interest in the petroleum industry. Furthermore,
EOS Equation of state vapor–solid (VSE), vapor–liquid–solid (VLSE), and vapor–
FH Flory–Huggins liquid–liquid (VLLE) equilibrium are also of importance in

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