Page 206 - Basic physical chemistry for the atmospheric sciences

1 9 2 Index

chemical thermodynamics , 1 7 -42
catalyst(s) (cont.)
role in stratospheric ozone depletion, chemical units
147 notation for, 6
catalytic converters, heterogeneous cata­ universal gas constant in, 6
lysts in, 58 chlorate ion (CID)), 1 7 2
cathode chloride ion (Ci - ) , 1 7 2
definition of, 1 1 6 from electrolytes, 73
6
in electrochemical cell, 1 1 5 residence time in ocean, 1
cation(s) thermodynamic properties of, 1 6 9
definition of, 1 1 6 chloride nitrate (CIN02), stratospheric
hydrolysis of, 92 formation of, 1 5 1
cell damage, from UV-B light, 1 4 6 chlorine (Cl)
atomic
centi (prefix), definition and symbol for ,
1 5 7 from chlorofluorocarbons in atmo­
chain reaction, chemical example of, 142, sphere, 149, 1 5 2, 1 5 4
1 4 3 photochemical reaction with hydro­
Chapman, Sidney, 146 gen, 142- 1 4 3
Chapman reactions, for steady-state photochemical release of, 1 5 2
ozone levels in stratosphere, 146- 1 4 7 as possible catalyst for ozone de­
charge balance relation, definition of, 98 struction, 147, 148, 1 4 9, 150
chemical bonds, dissociation energy of, reaction with methane in strato­
1 4 0, 155, 1 8 5 sphere, 1 5 1
chemical chain reaction, example of, 142, atomic weight of, 1 5 9
143 thermodynamic properties of, 1 6 9
chemical equations, balancing of, , 2, chlorine dioxide (Cl02), 1 5 6
I
108 in stratosphere, 1 5 2, 1 5 3
chemical equilibrium, 1 - 1 6 chlorine monoxide (CIO)
of aqueous solutions, 68-82 as catalyst for ozone formation, 1 5 2
definition of, 3 dimer of, 1 5 2
in endothermic and exothermic reac­ stratospheric formation of, 1 5 1 , 1 5 2,
tions, 1 1 1 5 3, 1 5 6
thermodynamic studies of, 17-42 chlorite ion (CIOz), 1 7 2
chemical kinetics, 43-67 chlorofluorocarbons. See also Freons
chemical potential (chlorofluorocarbons)
definition of, 34 atmospheric lifetimes of, 1 4 9
difference between vapor and liquid, as source of atmospheric chlorine,
34, 35 1 4 9
chemical reaction(s) stratospheric ozone role in depletion of,
activation complex formation in, 54, 55 1 4 9- 1 5 4
activation energy of, 54 chromate ion (CrO/ - ), 1 7 2
3
catalysis of, 57-58 chromic ion [Cr(H20)6 + ] , equilibrium (or
chain type, 142, 143 dissociation) constant for, 1 6 2
definition of, I , 1 3 3 chromium (Cr)
of gases, 5 atomic weight of, 1 5 9
collision theory, 52-57 in oxidation-reduction reaction, 125,
heat release or absorption in, 17 1 2 7
with increased gas molecules, 27 chromium hydroxide [Cr(OH)3]
intermediates in, 47 oxidation-reduction reaction of, 1 1 1 -
mechanisms of, 46-50 1 1 3
order of, 47 solubility (or ion) product constant for,
overall order of, 44, 62 1 6 6
3
photochemical , 1 3 7 chromium (Ill) ion (chromic ion; Cr + ) ,
rate-determining step in , 48 1 7 2
2
rate law for, 44 chromium (II) ion (chromous ion; Cr + ) ,
rates of. See reaction rates 172
representations of, I , 3-4 chromium oxide (Cr203), use in catalytic
3
speed of, 2, 12, 1 converters, 58