Page 208 - Basic physical chemistry for the atmospheric sciences

1 9 4 Index

electric charge, SI unit of, I 57 elements
t
electric curren , SI unit of, 1 5 7 atomic weights and symbols for, 1 5 9-
electric potential, generation of, 1 2 6 161
electric power plants, atmospheric sulfur oxidation numbers of, 106, 107
dioxide emission from, 1 3 2 endothermic reaction
electric resistance, S I unit of, 157 definition of, 1 1
electrical conductivity, of water, 83 for nitric oxide formation, 15
electrochemical cell solubility and, 8 1
depiction of, 1 1 5 energy
electric potential difference generated conservation of, principle , 1 7
in, 127 kinetic. See kinetic energy
electron movement in, 120- 1 2 1 potential. See potential energy
5
1
half-reactions in, I I - I 6 SI unit of, 1 5 7
p H meter as, 1 3 5 enthalpy
as powered by chemical reactions, equation for, 20
42 first law of thermodynamics and, 1 7 -2 1
electrode potentials. See standard half­ of reaction and formation, 1 - 22
2
cell potentials of a set of chemical reactions, 1 7 6
-
electrodes, in electrochemical cell, I 15 standard molar list of, 1 6 9 1 7 1
electrolysis, electrochemical basis for, entropy
1 3 3 absolute, 26-27
electrolytes, 73-74 third law of thermodynamics and, 26-
definition of, 1 1 5 27
strong and weak, 78-80 change in , equation for, 22-23
electromagnetic (em) radiation decrease of, in gas dissolution, 70-7 1
frequency of, 1 3 7, 1 4 1 as degree of disorder in system, 26
molecular absorption of, 1 3 7 as function of state, 23
wave and particle characteristics of, reversible paths and, 39
1 3 7 second law of thermodynamics and ,
electromagnetic spectrum, 1 3 7-1 3 8 22-26, 1 7 6
electromagnetic waves tendency toward. effect on solution, 70
e
energy of, 1 3 8 of univers , 38
properties of, 1 3 7- 1 3 9 environment, redox potentials in, 1 2 9, 1 3 0
electronegativity, of an element, 106 environmental chemistry, photochemical
electronic energy state, of a molecule, reaction importance in, 1 3 7
transition of, 1 4 1 environmental hazards, of increased UV
s
electron orbital , 103 radiation to Earth, 1 5 3- 1 5 4
electrons equilibrium
and Avogadro's number, 1 3 6 in aqueous solutions, 74-78
charge on, 1 3 6 in chemical states, 38
consumption of, 1 2 8 criteria for, 27-30
in Earth's upper atmospheric, as basis equilibrium (or acid-dissociation or ioniza-
of radio communications , 1 4 1 tion) constant(s), 3-8, 12. 1 7 1
gain of, in reduction, 104 , 1 05 fo r acids, 88, 1 6 2- 163
loss of, in oxidation, 1 04 , 105 in aqueous solutions, 74-75
movement in electrochemical cells, for bases, 88
1 2 0 1 2 1 definition of, 4, 1 6 3
-
i
role n standard cell potential, 1 1 8 free energy change and, 3 1 - 34
supplying of, 1 2 8 for net reactions, 1 3
electron-volt, 1 5 8 pKa as expression for, 1 6 3
definition of, 1 5 6 reaction rates and , 50-52
dissociation energy of chemical bonds for reactions of gases, 5, 7-8
expressed as, 1 4 0 for reverse and forward reactions, 1 3
elementary processes, equilibrium con­ some properties of, 1 3
stant related to rates of, 50-52 thermodynamic, 16
equilibrium transformation, definition of,
elementary reactions. See single-step re­
actions 23