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I/O per cm 2
                  Challenge
            Potential disruptive
              technology
                  Advantages
                     3D Si integration and pkg 3D chip integration  Cooling 3D wiring  Yield Net length - I/O: 6-mm pitch; 2.5M I/O/cm 2 —10 5  to 10 8  Design Performance - Wiring pitch: 90 nm  Test  Alignment  Assembly  Si carrier pkg and through-via stacking - I/O: 50-μm pitch; 40K I/O/cm 2 Chip stack and  Test Modular design  chip to Si carrier Assembly Performa
                  3D integration         - Wiring pitch: 2 mm  Chip 1   SLC 40 mm  2005  Year






                                   Si carrier and  chip stacking  - I/O: 200-mm pitch; 2.5K I/O/cm 2
                                                     Organic and ceramic pkg  (SCM and MCM)  Ceramic and organic pkg  - Wiring pitch: MLC 200 mm;    SLC 50 mm  Printed circuit card  2000









                                                                                    FIGURE 3.2  (Courtesy of IBM) [1]
                                               Integration



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