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10 4

                                 10 3
                                Multiplication (%)  10 2 1


                                 10
                 N   N
            CH 3        CH 3     10 0

               Bathocuproine      –1
                                 10
                   (a)
                                       400     500    600     700     800
                                                Wavelength (nm)
                                             0 V      –0.5 V   –1 V
                                             –1.5 V   –3 V     –4 V
                                             Absorption
                                                     (b)

          FIGURE 6.25  (a) The chemical structure of bathocuproine. (b) The apparent gain vs.
          emission wavelength in an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/pentacene/C60/bathocuproine/Al
          device under various reverse DC biases. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 61.
          Copyright 2007, American Institute of Physics.)







                          Pump                  Microfluidic
                          diode
                                                 channel







                         Organic              Organic
                         lasers              photodiode

               FIGURE 7.20  Scheme of a possible lab-on-a-chip design incorporating a
               microfl uidic system for analyte preparation and handling, multiple laser
               sources, and photodetection.
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