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176   Cha p te r  E i g h t


                     FIGURE 8.8  P-graph
                     representing the     F
                     structure of an                L 12
                     azeotropic
                     distillation system.
                                               Mixer



                                             L 6


                                               Separator



                                                           L
                                        W                   13
                                                 L 7

                                                             Mixer


                                                           L 1


                                              Separator



                                                           E     L 11



                                                      Decantor





                     combinatorial constraints has been generated by algorithm SSG and
                     evaluated by linear programming (Feng et al., 2003).


                8.4  Optimal Synthesis of Energy Systems

                     8.4.1  Simple Heat Integration
                     A methodology for combining PNS and HENs for integrated
                     synthesis has been presented by Nagy et al. (2001). It employs the
                     hP-graph, a special graph that incorporates both operating units and
                     heat exchangers. Figure 8.9 shows an example flowsheet and its
                     hP-graph representation.
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