Page 179 - Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

174 Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

Fig. 7.3 Example of physical markers on the human body according to anthropometric
landmarks.

Here, there were two requirements: on the one hand, the smallest possible size, so
that measuring sections are not negatively affected, and, on the other hand, that the
scanner system can detect these reliably and the visibility is given on the 3-D scan.
Polystyrene balls with a circumference of around two centimeters fulfilled these
conditions. The markers were attached to predefined anthropometric landmarks
(e.g., the seventh cervical vertebrae and acromion) using a double-sided adhesive tape
on the skin (see Fig. 7.3).
In the study, 16 markers on anthropometric landmarks and auxiliary points (such as
arm crease) were adhered per test person prior to the scan (see Fig. 7.4).

7.2.3.2 Posture
The analysis of the movement-related change of body measurements is the focal point
of the functional measurements. The challenge was to define positions that can be cap-
tured with a 3-D scanner and put into practice by subjects in a reasonable time window
(see Section 7.2.3.3). Therefore a limit of 10 scan positions was required. Whole-body
scans can be carried out in a few seconds. Nevertheless, it is scientifically proven that
postures of subjects exhibit a large variety (Han et al., 2010; Lashawnda and Istook,
2002; Lu and Wang, 2010; Schwarz-M€ uller et al., 2018). The postures to be taken for
the scan are usually communicated verbally by the scan personnel to the test person.
To implement the instructions the subjects need the ability of proprioception, that is,