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Mixed-Signal (SOP) Design 221
The EM coupling between resonator elements of TVCO2 can be reduced by
separating the components (especially C and L ) spatially in the planar direction
2
2
or by moving from microstrip- to stripline-type designs. Hence, on comparing
the results for TVCO1 and TVCO2 it can be concluded that 3D separation of the
resonator elements on multiple LCP layers reduces both the undesired EM
coupling and VCO size.
2. Figure 4.68 shows the current density (Sonnet simulations) results of two
transformers (namely, type 1 and type 2) with different spacing between the
Top metal layer type II network: Undesired edge coupling
between input and output ports at 4.95 GHz
Amps/Meter
2
23
1
21
19
17
15
13
(a)
12 Top metal layer type I network: Negligible edge coupling
between input and output ports at 4.95 GHz
9.6 2
7.7
5.8
3.8
1.9
0.0
(b)
FIGURE 4.68 Sonnet simulation results illustrating coupling between capacitors C 1 and C m .
